Distance Education

Education is very important for an individual. In recent times, government has raised the banner high to spread education, even to remotest areas of the county. There are many educational books and magazines, which discuss various courses available for the youth and prospective career options. Even the internet is full of education articles and news regarding various courses available and the esteemed colleges that provide these courses. With the change in educational structure, new methods of imparting education have barged in. it had been noticed that students who are financially unstable or have prior things to complete cannot attend regular classes and therefore miss on receiving education. Government has started distance-learning programmes for such students making their life easier.

Our government is very supportive in spreading awareness regarding education and conducting various seminars and meetings which discuss the use of education.

In these seminars, professionals of different fields read out education articles and how best education can be received. There are so many career counselors and institutes, which guide the students regarding career options to opt for that there, is no scope for students to go wrong. Education has spread out from the four -wall classrooms and has become a much bigger and dynamic structure. The days of rote learning are long gone. These are days of smart classes where students are taught through computerized mediums and are open and friendly with their teachers. Even in school level, students are taught about education news and achievements in the field of education so that they find it easier to choose a career later in life.

One of the major achievements in the education system is the introduction of distance learning courses. Distance learning courses are a blessing for all those who had to give up education to fulfill prior commitments. Many students have to do jobs in order to support their families others have some other problem and they cannot attend regular classes. Due to distance learning courses, they can now, enroll themselves in courses of their choice and attend weekend classes or just appear for the exams.

One needs to have the habit of reading articles about distance education or listening to education news in order to be updated with the educational field. One cannot achieve anything without efforts, even a student studying a distance-learning course has to put in same efforts as the student attending regular classes. There is no short cut to success.

Everyday Education-Everyday Education

Homeschooling is like an adventure– I’m glad you’re considering it. My 4 boys have all graduated now, and I am so thankful for your time we had collectively as we homeschooled from pre-school via substantial college, and also into school. We all discovered a good deal in the procedure, and I’m certain you will also!Janice Campbell, Writer, Speaker, Director at NAIWE.com
Grab A Copy Click here
I’ve written a lot of articles along with a couple of books more than the previous few of decades. You’ll discover people right here, as well as resources for home- and family-centered residing with a special emphasis on writing, higher college literature, and homeschooling by means of high school and beyond, with topics including non-traditional university and household company.

If you’re considering doing school non-traditionally (early school, accelerated college, distance mastering, or late university), the Performing College Your Way page provides information on on distance understanding and college-level exams to obtain you started.

And now, Get a Leap Start on University! A Sensible Manual for Teenagers will support your teen earn college credit in high college.

It’s available as an immediately downloadable e-book. It really is also offered like a print book if you prefer. If you’d like to aid your teen get a leap start on existence, this can be a guide you will need.
Grab A Copy Click here
Teaching high school literature might be a joy! Excellence in Literature is a classics-focused higher college English curriculum which is created in easy-to-study units. Every unit presents a full-length traditional novel, poem, or play, and leads the student into a study route that includes the artwork, music, literary, and historical context with the function being studied.

There can be a week-by-week assignment routine for every unit, and most context assets are accessible at your nearby library or internet. This large college English curriculum is created to be completed in grades 8-12, but is rather versatile, so you’ll be able to leap in at any degree.

The curriculum is obtainable as individual print books, e-books, or as being a total curriculum with all five levels in a very large binder so that it is possible to customize your substantial college English class. The five levels are Introduction to Literature, Literature and Composition, American Literature, British Literature, and Globe Literature.
Grab A Copy Click here

Education

Education has over the years been highly acknowledged for its vital role in the human society. Many scholars and personalities have demonstrated the worth of education in the various sectors of human society including economics, culture, religion, and politics. Both developed and developing nations have shown a high regard on the worth of education, thus investing numerous societies. The 20th and 21st centuries have been outstanding in the numerous developments and revolutions in education. This has been evident in the sophisticated methodologies and structures set up for facilitating education. Technology on the other hand has also been highly incorporated in the education system thus making it more worthwhile. Despite these developments in education, optimum efficiency in the education system has not been realized thus calling for increased commitment from the different stakeholders. As a result, the role of the community engagement in schools has received significant attention in recent days. This phenomenon has drawn substantial attention concerning its influence in success and efficiency in the education system. This research paper will provide an in-depth analysis and discussion on community engagement in school.

According to Gelsthorpe and West-Burnham (2003), community engagement is the involvement of community members in school planning, decision making, communication, activities, visioning among other school related activities. The concept has been in place for quite some time, whereby various communities have adequately adopted it. Both developed and developing nations have shown an increased adoption of community engagement in school affairs. From another perspective, community engagement is also referred to as community involvement, collaboration or public engagement. All the concepts have the same or similar meaning in that they entail the engagement of the entire community or public in the running of the school (Gelsthorpe and West-Burnham, 2003).

Chadwick (2004) postulated that the concept of community engagement in school emerged following the speculation that children whose communities have engaged in schooling have a richer and diversified educational experience. This is not a new phenomenon, whereby it has been in place since the late 20th century. With reference to the high demand for quality in provision of education, there has been every need to devise the best strategies. In this case, community engagement has been one of the strategies for enhancing success and efficiency in the education system. With this in mind, the concept has gained momentum over the last century and diffused to all corners of the globe. Presently, the concept of community engagement is adopted in nearly all education systems both in developing and developed nations (Chadwick, 2004).

As noted by Hughes-hassell and Wheelock (2001), the scope of community engagement goes beyond the parents and their children. Hughes-hassell and Wheelock (2001) indicated that the business community around a school is also part of the school community and has to be included. Despite that the companies or the business communities living around the school do not have children; they have key interests in the welfare of the school. Their contribution is also vital in the success of the school, thus the need for their involvement. It is worth noting that the administrators of any school have a key role in deciding who to include or exclude from the school affair. This is based on the fact that not all community members have good interests in the school.

Background

The concept of community engagement in school has been influenced by a wide number of factors. To begin with, the issues of industrialization, advancement in technology as well as globalization have led to a high sense on the quality standards in education. Through globalization, parents and other interested parties to a school are able to open their reasoning in the gap in quality standards. This has been closely associated with comparisons on the education systems among various countries, where in this case developing nations have key interests on the education systems of developed countries. As a result, the issue of community engagement has come into place, whereby it seeks to bridge the knowledge in the running of the schools as well as policy making (Gelsthorpe and West-Burnham, 2003).

In relation to the increased expectations and workloads of school administrators in recent days, there is every need to incorporate the community. This is aimed at reducing the workload of the school administrators and thus enhances efficiency. School administrators in recent days are spread thin. This has made them to be inefficient thus leading to low quality education as well as failure of meeting the objectives of education. Based on this scenario, the quality of education has been compromised. With increased demand of education, the school resources and management has been put under high pressure. The issues of management in the school institutions have been a serious problem, with reference to the limited administrators. Most of the human personnel in the school have not been able to deliver services to the optimum. Hughes-hassell and Wheelock (2001) noted that the high demand of education has been the main cause of these problems.

On the other hand, discipline of students as well as school relations have also been a problem. In reference to this phenomenon, the school administrators are required to seek assistance from the community. Gelsthorpe and West-Burnham (2003) noted that the management of school funds as well as policy making has also been a vital problem. This is in relation to the high expectations on better quality education as well as financial efficiency in the running of the school. In light to this phenomenon, there has been a human resource gap in the running of the schools thus calling for community participation.

Benefits

Many researchers and scholars in the field of education have shown a strong correlation between community engagement and the success of a school. To begin with community engagement has helped in reducing the high workload of school administrators. Over the last 2 to 3 decades, there has been a very high expectation from school administrators and the entire school system. Based on this phenomenon, community engagement helps in reducing the workload of administrators thus enhancing their efficiency. The role of parents in school activities has been of great help in reducing the pressure on the administrators. This helps in enhancement of efficiency thus leading to quality improvement (Gelsthorpe and West-Burnham, 2003).

The burden overlying school administrators is lifted through community involvement. As indicated by Hughes-hassell and Wheelock (2001), community engagement enhances role sharing thus reducing the tasks played by the different personnel. In addition the scenario of administrators being spread in a spread thin is also overcome by community engagement. From this scenario, community learns on how to take the lead thus helping the administrators in undertaking their roles. The energy and time of community to a school is a vital resource to the success of the school. Hughes-hassell and Wheelock (2001) stipulated that the input of community to school can not be taken for granted. By sharing roles, specialization is achieved thus helping in attaining efficiency and increase in output and quality.

 

EDUCATION IS THE FOUNDATION FOR WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA: PROSPECTS, CHALLENGES AND REMEDIES

EDUCATION IS THE FOUNDATION FOR WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA: PROSPECTS, CHALLENGES AND REMEDIES

Mr. D.Sambangi

Senior Associate Professor  &  Head

Department of Social Work, Kodaikanal Christian College, Tamil Nadu, India

Education is a potent tool in the emancipation and empowerment of women. The greatest single factor which can incredibly improve the status of women in any society is education. It is indispensable that education enables women not only to gain more knowledge about the world outside of her hearth and home but helps her to get status, positive self esteem, and self confidence , necessary courage and inner strength to face challenges in life. Apparently it also facilitates them to procure a job and supplement the income of family and achieve social status. Education especially of women has a major impact on health and nutrition as an instrument of developing a sustainable strategy for population control. Moreover educated women can play an equally important role as men in nation building. Thus there is no denying fact that education empowers women. Indeed the different organs of the United Nations and experts on women‘s liberation argue for women’s education as the basic step to attain equality with men.

One of the recommendations of National Policy on Education (1986) by the Government of India is to promote empowerment of women through the agency of education and it is considered to be a land mark in the approach to women’s education of illiterate. The National Literacy Mission is another positive step towards eradication of illiteracy in the age group of 15-35 years. Women’ education has assumed special significance in the context of India’s planned development, as it is incorporated in every Five-year plans as the major programme for the development of women. Universalization of elementary education, enrolment and retention of girls in the schools, promotion of balwadies and crutches, raising number of schools and colleges of arts , science, and professional for girls , politechniques, girls hostels, multipurpose institutions and adult education programmes are some of the steps being  taken by both central and state governments in India to boost-up women’s education

WOMEN’S EDUCATION: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES

In spite of the forceful intervention by a bastion of female privilege, feminist critics, constitutional guarantees, protecting laws and sincere efforts by the state governments and central government through various schemes and programmes over the last 62 years and above all , the United Nation’s enormous pressure with regard to the uplift of the plight of women in terms education is still in the state of an enigma in India for several reasons. The 2001 Census report indicates that literacy among women as only 54 percent  It is virtually disheartening to observe that the literacy rate of women India is even much lower to national average i.e. 65.38 .The growth of women’s education in rural areas is very slow. This obviously means that still large womenfolk of our country are illiterate, the weak, backward and exploited. Moreover education is also not available to all equally. Gender inequality is reinforced in education which is proved by the fact that the literacy rate for the women is only 54% against 76% of men as per 2001 Census.

Table -1 The Literacy Rate in India 1901-2001

———————————————————————————————————————

Percentage   of     Literates    to   total    population

Year                                                         Persons                  Males           Females

1901                                                  5.3                           9.8                 0.7 1911                                                  5.9                         10.6                 1.1 1921                                                  7.2                         12.2                 1.8 1931                                                  9.5                         15.6                 2.9 1941                                                 16.1                         24.9                 7.3 1951                                                 16.7                         24.9                 7.3 1961                                                 24.0                         34.4               13.0 1971                                                 29.5                         39.5               18.7 1981                                                 36.2                         46.9               24.8 1991                                                 52.1                         63.9               39.2 2001                                                65.38                       76.0               54.0

———————————————————————————————————————

Source: Census of India, Government of India (2001)

According to the Table-1 the pre-Independence time literacy rate for women had a very poor spurt in comparison to literacy rate of men. This is witnessed from the fact that literacy rate of women has risen from 0.7 % to 7.3 % where as the literacy rate of men has risen from 9.8 % to 24.9 % during these four decades. During the post-independence period literacy rates have shown a substantial increase in general. However the literacy rate of male has almost tripled over the period e.g 25% in 1951 and 76 % in 2001.Surprisingly the female literacy rate has increased at a faster pace than the male literacy during the decade 1981 -2001. The growth is almost 6 times e.g. 7.9 % in 1951 and 54 % in 2001. From this analyse one can infer that still the female literacy rate (only half of the female population are literates) is wadding behind male literacy rate (three fourth of the male population are literates).The rate of school drop outs  is also found to be comparatively higher in case of women. This higher rate of illiteracy of women is undoubtedly attributing for women dependence on men and to play a subordinate role. The lack of education is the root cause for women’ exploitation and negligence. Only literacy can help women to understand the Indian’s constitutional and legislative provisions that are made to strengthen them. Thus promoting education among women is of great important in empowering them to accomplish their goals in

Patient Education: A Proactive Element Of Healthcare Practice

 

Patient education or client health education can be described as a learning relationship entered into by the nurse and client. The content and learning activities are directed toward providing knowledge or skills needed to meet specific health care needs. Patient education is an important function and responsibility for nurses at all levels of care. Nurses spend an enormous time caring for patients but in many instances minimal time in helping patients understand the causes of their health problem, measures to prevent complications from diseases and ways to maintain optimal health. Should nurses therefore become more proactive in the delivery of patient education? Patient education can be defined as any communication between patient and health-care provider that intentionally addresses a learning need. The nursing process provides a method for individualizing patient care and education for each patient and event by collecting data to identify the needs and problems of an individual patient and family. Patient education is expected to allow the patients to have a better comprehension of an aspect or certain aspects of their health condition, health needs and care. These educational encounters take place in traditional health organizations such as hospitals, community diagnostic centers, and non-health care settings and as such they can be formal. Patient education is therefore essential to guarantee that the patient is informed and knowledgeable about his or her condition, which will facilitate improved health. 

 Advocating For More Patient Education

There is a high need for developing a more structured aspect of patient education, for patient care. Patients who have a strong understanding of their disease or illness are much more likely to recover fully and do not have repeated relapses but benefits with the result of better health and an improved understanding of how they need to live to continue to have optimal health. However, the medical staff, health care facilities and insurance companies also benefit by having a reduced number of unnecessary hospitalizations and ER visits and ultimately impacts and benefits all taxpayers (state and federal) (Jernigan, 2009).  Identifying those most interested in developing skills in patient teaching, providing resources, time, expert input and developing an expectation among the general public for better education and information regarding health and well-being are essential elements to providing and maintaining optimal health. This will also improve quality health care delivery, practice and health care systems. Assuming more responsibility for patient education in the ambulatory setting keeps patients healthier and keeps medical conditions from worsening (Anwar, 1996). It can reduce the need for hospitalization and patients can be taught the importance of prevention, early treatment and overall health maintenance (Anwar, 1996). Patient education is therefore extremely critical to ensuring patient adherence to prescribed regimens for both chronic and non-chronic conditions. It is even more critical because it helps prevent complications, promote self-care and independence, and reduce readmissions. Patient education as an important aspect of treating the patient  provides patients with instruction about their care and provides direction for preventing complications.These complications can cause unnecessary admissions to the hospital, an increase in medication costs and financial burden to the patient, family and insurance company thus educating the patient is a simple and effective way to prevent these complications and also thwart any new diseases from occurring (Jernigan, 2009).

Patient education in any health-care setting is significantly more challenging than in regular educational systems, as patients’ needs and ability to assimilate information will be overshadowed by their health-care deficits. However providing information about patient’s condition and care has proven very beneficial for many patients. One such research study showed that patients who had been subjected to planned teaching in preparation for their treatment experienced less anxiety, increased belief in their control over recovery and higher incidence of health maintenance. Falvo (1994) concluded that the quantity of health care information and patients’ access to it have grown dramatically in the last several years. Although patients may be anxious to be informed and play a more active role in their own care, they aren’t always sophisticated enough to be able to judge which are the more credible sources, so there’s potential for them to be misinformed (Falvo,1994).  

]]>

Patient education increases patient compliance, it build trust, reduces anxiety, and minimizes the risk of malpractice lawsuits against  hospital systems and providers. By working to ensure that patients are well-informed, you’ll also be addressing another requirement of the current health care environment – that reduces malpractice risk, and consequently by educating the patient and enabling him or her to make some decisions about treatment options, for example, sharing some of the responsibility, will if something goes wrong, have the patient less likely to blame you for the outcome (Falvo, 1994).At the Saint John’s Health Center, California, patient education is an essential building block in their longstanding mission: to improve the health of the individuals and communities we serve (Saint John’s Health Center, 2008). Not many hospitals even practice and or maintain the consistency of ensuring that the patients are educated. Having a mission in this regard would therefore be futile. A well informed and knowledgeable patient is better able to play a role in helping to improve his or her own care both before entering and after leaving the hospital (Saint John’s Health Center, 2008). It is also a means of empowerment for the patients to take control of their health, thus maintaining optimal health. Certainly, if the patient is content it will be a result of good health and or optimum health being maintained.

Effective Patient Education                    

The individual needs of the patient should be used to set the goals and objectives to guide the learning interventions. When these goals and objectives are stated, the impact of teaching will not be optimized. With ensuring effective patient education the nurse needs to first assess the patient’s ability to learn. The nurse should therefore know what the patient needs to learn and make an assessment as to the need for the health education process with an individual, family or group. For your patient education to be effective, nurses must use methods that ensure that your patients’ comprehension of the material and increase their compliance.  When the educational process is well- designed and clear objectives and goals are stated, successful patient education is achieved. Goals are the desired outcomes of learning, while objectives detail the behaviors that will be performed to achieve the goal (Rankin & Duffy, 1996; Redman, 2004). By applying the following strategies, nurses can improve patient education to achieve a successful outcome: create a positive environment, limit your teaching objectives, divide the information over a period of time, build on previous information discussed from each session, communicate clearly and simply, use multiple teaching methods to convey your message, and ensure comprehension and /or verify understanding and clarify misinterpretations. These same strategies however, can be barriers to patient education. If misused or unused, patient education would have been futile. Patient education must therefore be effective. Patient education therefore requires keen planning but must be implemented to ensure effective patient education. These barriers should therefore be avoided. Some challenges to effective patient education includes:  decreased lengths of hospitalization, a decrease in acuity and alertness of patients, nursing shortages added to limited time and patient overload, and patients researching their conditions on the internet with risk for receiving inaccurate and outdated information.

It is true that many nurses have acknowledged the success of patient education, but nevertheless they find it difficult to acquire the effective teaching skills, and still not many nurses have a strong commitment toward their teaching role or group role.  However, for patient education to be effective, the barriers to learning, the setting, teaching resources and differences in perception must be taken into consideration, and effective patient education should therefore include the following:

1. Ask the patient how they can best learn. This will save time and effort because, some people are audio learners, some are visual learners while, others are tactile learners and still there are those with combinations of these learning styles. It therefore means that multi-sensory teaching methodologies maybe required and in fact are very effective.

2. Share stories, experiences, anecdotes, and parables to help the patient visualize information taught. This is particularly helpful when teaching multi-cultural patients or patients with learning difficulties. A multi-sensory delivery of patient education is useful with such patients. 

3. Convey messages with an interesting element so that the patient is intrigued and yearns for more information. Summarize what is already known and emphasize what needs to be known.

4. Demonstrate and then role-play a technique or skill. Be a model of what you want the other person to do or to learn. This is particularly critical with self-care skills such as

Incoming search:

patient education in healthcare, time as a barrier for patient education

History of Education in India

Up to the 17th century

The first millennium and the few centuries preceding it saw the flourishing of higher education at Nalanda, Takshila, Ujjain, & Vikramshila Universities. Art, Architecture, Painting, Logic, Grammar, Philosophy, Astronomy, Literature, Buddhism, Hinduism, Arthashastra (Economics & Politics), Law, and Medicine were among the subjects taught and each university specialized in a particular field of study. Takshila specialized in the study of medicine, while Ujjain laid emphasis on astronomy. Nalanda, being the biggest centre, handled all branches of knowledge, and housed up to 10,000 students at its peak.

Education under British Rule

British records show that indigenous education was widespread in the 18th century, with a school for every temple, mosque or village in most regions of the country. The subjects taught included Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Theology, Law, Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical Science and Religion. The schools were attended by students representative of all classes of society.

The current system of education, with its western style and content, was introduced & funded by the British in the 20th century, following recommendations by Macaulay. Traditional structures were not recognized by the British govt and have been on the decline since. Gandhi is said to have described the traditional educational system as a beautiful tree that was destroyed during the British rule.

After Independence

After independence, education became the responsibility of the states. The Central Government’s only obligation was to co-ordinate in technical and higher education and specify standards. This continued till 1976, when the education became a joint responsibility of the state and the Centre.

After 1976

In 1976, education was made a joint responsibility of the states and the Centre, through a consititutional amendment. The center is represented by Ministry of Human Resource Development’s Deparment of Education and together with the states, it is jointly responsible for the formulation of education policy and planning.

NPE 1986 and revised PoA 1992 envisioned that free and compulsory education should be provided for all children up to 14 years of age before the commencement of 21st century. Government of India made a commitment that by 2000, 6% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will be spent on education, out of which half would be spent on the Primary education.

In November 1998, Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee announced setting up of Vidya Vahini Network to link up universities, UGC and CSIR.

Education in India – Recent Developments

The Indian Education System is generally marks-based. However, some experiments have been made to do away with the marks-based system which has lead to cases of depression and suicides among students. In 2005, the Kerala government introduced a grades-based system in the hope that it will help students to move away from the cut-throat competition and rote-learning and will be able to focus on creative aspects and personality development as well.

Development of education in India regards that free and compulsory education should be provided to all children up to fourteen years of age before the commencement of 21st century. Moreover, the 86th Amendment of the Indian constitution makes education a fundamental right for all children aged 6-14 years. Education travelled a long way and thus Indian education system introduced certain advantageous system such as Online education In India. Online education is a system of education training which is delivered primarily via the Internet to students at remote locations. The Online courses may not be delivered in a synchronous manner. Online education enables the students to opt for many online degrees or online courses from various online universities. Thus online education encompasses various degrees and courses. This course has various advantages, as pursuing an online course can be done simultaneously with one`s present occupation. Moreover, an online degree assists in increasing the career prospects

Non-formal education in India has become part of the international discourse on education policy in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Non formal education refers to the learning process throughout life. In addition to that non-formal education is about acknowledging the importance of education, learning and training which takes place outside recognized educational institutions. There are four characteristics associated with non formal education system. This system is a proof for the Development of education in India as this system helps to focus on clearly defined purposes

Indian education has different phases. Students are provided with extensive scope and courses to choose from. One enjoys the opportunity of selecting the required field. The system of Distant Education in India is becoming increasingly popular. The students choosing distance learning process are benefited with the modern pattern followed. The availability of distance learning courses has assured that a person can pursue education from any state or university accordingly. Development of education in India ensures that all Indian citizens will receive education in spite of financial constrains or unavailability of colleges and schools.

]]>

University Education

This massive system of higher education in India constitutes of 342 universities (211 State, 18 Central, 95 deemed universities) 13 institutes of national importance, 17,000 colleges and 887 polytechnics. University Grant Commission (UGC), a national body, coordinates and looks after the maintenance of standard of university education in India. The university education in India starts with undergraduate courses. Depending upon the nature of course pursued its duration may vary from three to five and a half years.

Medical Courses

This course at undergraduate level is known as MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery). It is of four and a half year’s duration plus one year of obligatory internship. Various medical colleges conduct entrance examination for admission to this course. An all India level examination is also conducted by CBSE for admission to colleges all over India based over 15% reserved seats. The important medical colleges of India are:

All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), New Delhi
Air Force Medical College (AFMC), Pune
Christian Medical College (CMC), Ludhiana
Christian Medical College (CMC), Vellore
Grants Medical College, Mumbai
Institute of Medical Science (BHU), Varanasi
Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry
Maulan Azad Medical College (MAMC), Delhi
Lady Harding Medical College (LHMC), Delhi (for girls only)
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Science , Wardha

Engineering Course
The bachelor of Engineering (BE) or bachelor of Technology (B Tech) is a four-year course. It has wide range of options. Some of them are:

Aeronautical and Aerospace engineering
Agriculture engineering
Computer engineering
Electronic and electrical engineering
Industrial engineering
Marine engineering
Mining engineering

The best engineering colleges of India are:

Delhi college of Engineering, Delhi
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Indian Institute of Technology, KANPUR
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai
Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Institute of Technology, BHU
NIT Karnataka, Surathkal
National Institute of Technology, Warangal

Management Course
In India education in management is one of the most sort out courses. The institutes, which impart education in management, are known as “Business Schools”. In India management education is given at two levels, undergraduate and post-graduate. Undergraduate degree courses include BBA, BBS, BBM. Postgraduate degree course is known as MBA (Masters of Business Administration). Some of the important Business schools of India are:

Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad
Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore
Indian Institute of Management, Kolkata
Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow
Indian Institute of Management, Indore
Faculty of Management Studies, Delhi
Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Delhi
Symbiosis, Pune
JBIMS, Mumbai
XLRI, Jamshedpur

The other professional courses offered by Indian universities include, Architecture, Dental, Fashion Designing, Travel and Tourism.

Some important facts about Indian education:

Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to the world and ‘charaka’ is known as the father of Ayurveda. He developed this system some 2500 years back.
Takshila was the first university of world established in 700 B.C.
Nalanda University, built in 4 AD, was considered to be the honor of ancient Indian system of education as it was one of the best Universities of its time in the subcontinent.
Indian language Sanskrit is considered to be the mother of many modern languages of world.
Place value system was developed in India in 100 B.C.
India was the country, which invented number system.
Aryabhatta, the Indian scientist, invented digit zero.
Trigonometry, algebra and calculus studies were originated in India.

 

 

NEW POLICY ON DISTANCE LEARNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR

NEW POLICY ON DISTANCE LEARNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR

In pursurance to the nnouncement of 100 days agenda of HRD of ministry by Hon’ble Human Recourses  development Minister ,New Policy on Distance LearningIn Higher Education Sector was drafted

BACKGROUND

In  terms  of  Entry  66  of  List  1  of  the  Seventh  Schedule  to  the  Constitution  of  India,Parliament  is  competent  to  make  laws for  the  coordination and  determination  of  standards  ininstitutions  for  higher  education  for  research,  and  scientific  and  technical  institutions.Parliament has enacted laws  for  discharging this responsibility  through  : the University GrantsCommission  (UGC)  for  general  Higher Education, the  All  India Council  for  Technical  Education(AICTE)  for  Technical  Education  ; and  other  Statutory  bodies  for  other  disciplines.   As regards higher  education,  through  the  distance  mode,  Indira  Gandhi  National  Open  University (IGNOU) Act, 1985 was  enacted with the following two prime objectives, among others:

(a)to  provide  opportunities  for  higher  education  to  a  large  segment  of  population,especially  disadvantaged  groups  living  in  remote  and  rural  areas,  adults,  housewivesand working people; and

(b)to  encourage  Open  University  and  Distance  Education  Systems  in  the  educational

pattern of the country  and  to  coordinate and determine the standards in  such systems.

 

2.  The  history  of  distance  learning  or  education  through  distance  mode  in  India,  goes

way back when the universities  started offering  education through distance  mode  in the name

of  Correspondence  Courses  through  their  Directorate/School  of  Correspondence  Education.

In  those  days,  the  courses  in  humanities  and/or  in  commerce  were  offered  through

correspondence  and  taken  by  those,  who,   owing  to  various  reasons,  including  limited number  of  seats  in  regular  courses,  employability,  problems  of  access  to  the  institutions  of

higher  learning  etc.,  could  not  get  themselves  enrolled  in  the  conventional   `face-to-face’

mode `in-class’ programmes.

 

3.  In  the  recent  past,  the  demand  for  higher  education  has  increased  enormously

throughout  the  country  because  of  awareness  about  the  significance  of  higher  education,

whereas the system  of higher education  could not accommodate this ever  increasing demand.

 

4.  Under  the  circumstances,  a  number  of  institutions  including  deemed  universities,

private  universities,  public  (Government)  universities  and  even  other  institutions,  which  are

not  empowered  to  award  degrees,  have  started  cashing  on  the  situation  by  offering  distance

education  programmes  in  a  large  number  of  disciplines,  ranging  from  humanities  to

engineering  and  management  etc.,  and  at  different  levels  (certificate  to  under-graduate  and

post-graduate degrees).  There  is always a danger that some of  these  institutions  may  become

`degree  mills’  offering  sub- standard/poor  quality  education,  consequently  eroding  the

credibility  of  degrees  and  other  qualifications  awarded through  the  distance  mode.  This  calls

for  a  far  higher  degree  of  coordination  among  the  concerned  statutory  authorities,  primarily,

UGC,  AICTE and IGNOU and its authority – the   Distance Education Council (DEC).

 

5.  Government  of  India  had  clarified  its  position  in  respect  of  recognition  of  degrees,

earned  through  the  distance  mode,  for employment  under  it  vide  Gazette  Notification No.  44

dated 1.3.1995.

 

6.         Despite  the  risks  referred  to in  para  4  above,  the  significance  of  distance  education  in

providing  quality  education and  training  cannot  be  ignored.  Distance  Mode  of  education  has

an important role for :

(i)providing  opportunity  of  learning  to  those,  who  do  not  have  direct  access  to

face to face  teaching, working persons, house-wives  etc.

 

(ii)providing  opportunity  to  working  professionals  to  update  their  knowledge,

enabling them  to switchover to  new  disciplines and professions and   enhancing

their qualifications for career advancement.

 

(iii)exploiting the potential of  Information and Communication  Technology (ICT) in

the teaching and learning process; and

 

(iv)achieving the target of 15%  of  GER  by the   end of 11th  Plan and  20% by the end

of 12th five year Plan.

7.  In  order  to  discharge  the  Constitutional  responsibility  of  determination  and

maintenance  of  the  standards  in  Higher  Education,  by  ensuring  coordination  among  various

statutory  regulatory  authorities  as  also  to  ensure  the  promotion  of  open  and  distance

education  system  in  the  country  to  meet  the  aspirations  of  all  cross-sections  of  people  for

higher education,  the  following policy in  respect  of distance learning is laid  down:-

(a)  In  order  to  ensure  proper  coordination in  regulation  of  standards  of  higher education

in different disciplines through various  modes  [i.e. face  to face and  distance] as  also to  ensure

]]>

credibility  of  degrees/diploma  and  certificates  awarded  by  Indian  Universities  and  other

Education  Institutes,  an  apex  body,  namely,  National  Commission  for  Higher  Education  and

Research  shall  be  established  in  line  with  the  recommendations  of  Prof.  Yash  Pal

Committee/National  Knowledge  Commission.  A  Standing  Committee  on  Open  and  Distance

 

Education  of  the said Commission,  shall undertake the  job of coordination, determination  and

maintenance of  standards  of education through the distance mode.   Pending establishment of

this  body:

 

(i)  Only  those programmes,  which  do  not  involve  extensive  practical  course  work,

shall  be permissible  through the distance mode.

(ii) Universities  /  institutions  shall  frame  ordinances  /  regulations  /  rules,  as  the

case  may  be,   spelling  out  the  outline  of  the  programmes  to  be  offered

through  the  distance  mode  indicating  the  number  of  required  credits,  list  of

courses  with  assigned  credits,  reading  references  in  addition  to  self  learning

material,   hours  of  study,  contact  classes  at  study  centres,  assignments,

examination  and  evaluation process, grading etc.

(iii) DEC  of  IGNOU shall  only  assess  the  competence  of  university/institute  in

respect  of  conducting  distance  education  programmes by  a  team  of  experts,

whose report shall be placed before the Council of DEC for consideration.

(iv) The  approval  shall  be  given  only  after  consideration  by  Council  of  DEC  and not

by  Chairperson,  DEC.  For  the  purpose,  minimum  number  of  mandatory

meetings of  DEC may be prescribed.

(v) AICTE  would  be  directed  under  section  20  (1)  of  AICTE  Act  1987  to  ensure

accreditation  of  the  programmes  in  Computer  Sciences,  Information

Technology  and  Management  purposed   to  be  offered  by  an

institute/university  through  the  distance  mode,  by  National  Board  of

Accreditation (NBA).

(vi) UGC  and  AICTE would  be  directed  under  section 20  (1)  of  their  respective Acts

to  frame  detailed  regulations  prescribing  standards  for  various

programmes/courses,  offered  through  the  distance mode under  their  mandate,

(vii) No  university/institute,  except  the  universities  established  by  or  under  an  Act

of  Parliament/State  Legislature  before  1985,  shall  offer  any  programme

through  the  distance  mode,  henceforth,  without  approval  from  DEC  and

accreditation  by  NBA.  However,  the  universities/institutions  already  offering

programmes  in  Humanities,  Commerce/Business/Social  Sciences/Computer

Sciences  and  Information  Technology  and  Management,  may  be  allowed  to

continue,  subject  to  the  condition  to  obtain  fresh  approval  from  DEC  and

accreditation  from  NBA  within  one  year,  failing  which  they  shall  have  to

discontinue  the  programme  and  the  entire  onus  with  respect  to  the  academic

career and  financial  losses of the  students  enrolled  with them, shall  be  on  such

institutions/universities.

(viii) In  light  of  observation  of  Apex  Court, 

Material, human and divine education

Education has gone a long way in making us who and what we are, but its goals and avenues need to be redefined. The goal of education has become the production of people able to earn a living, and be successful in life. The definition of success needs a redefinition. Education should be directed to the upliftment of the people who are not educated. Education needs to be defined in such a manner that it capable of bringing about a metamorphosis in  individuals in particular, and the society in general.

 

There is a huge difference between education and literacy. A large proportion of the public today is literate by virtue of the several avenues of learning open to the layman, but very few are able to comprehend the difference between education and literacy. Education brings with itself many things that are not visible to the eyes of the layman. It is a lot to do with culture and the process of acculturisation.

 

The ascent from a being literate to being educated is punctuated by several steps whereby the individual is exposed to realities that are at times not easily absorbed into the intellect. As a literate child becomes educated, he is made to actively partake in the process of development of his community, and to his own proper development. Education is what brings out the hidden potential of individuals that could have been latent and forgotten had it not been for education.

 

This is where the importance of schools comes in. schools become the harbours where ships of peace and harmony are anchored. This is how the school forms an important and inseparable part of the society. This is how schools play an important role in the acculturation of the society. Education brings a sense of tolerance within the individual. It shows the way to succeed in life. Education adds values to the nuances of everyday life.  The goals set out by education can never be achieved till it is liberated from the grips of commercialization.

 

Education needs to be freed from the grips  of business. The educational sector is as much an arena of investment as anything else.  About billion  are being invested in the educational sector every year for the purpose of creating individuals able enough to make pots of gold. A lot of grey matter is wasted in simply the pursuit of money. Brain drain resulting from the attraction towards IT and management and other fields should be brought to an end.  For this, the educational sector needs to be made worthy of being praised and admired. This goal could be accomplished when teachers and students are known to have a definite goal besides amassment of material wealth.

 

Teachers and students ought to emerge as contributors to the process of peace in the world. The school atmosphere needs to be modified to this effect. The school curriculum needs to be modeled on the pattern to produce the effect. It should be an adequate mixture of human education that would involve mutual cooperation and team work.  Mutual co operation and understanding foster trust and confidence, but at the same time, they also give rise to conflicts and strife among individuals. After all, no society can exist without conflict. Conflict is an essential part of all  the drama that is staged in the world. Drama often gives rise to conflicts and tension. There are always ways to deal successfully with this conflict and tension. Students must be taught about the principles of law and justice in the whole world as there are bound to be conflicts arising out of the mutual distrust between men and women.

]]>

 

The mistrust and misunderstanding needs to be resolved and need to be countered with forces of trust and understanding. These are the feelings that would make up the human education that should be given to every child as a part of his education. Children need to learn to trust each other and give adequate amount of understanding to each other. This way they could develop into healthy asocial individuals contributing to the society in particular and the world in general.

 

Students at CMS are inculcated with the concept of holistic education aimed at an overall development of the child. This way, they partake in a lot of hobbies while at the same time focusing on their academic pursuits too. The goal of education as imparted in other  schools has become the production of people able to earn a living, this needs to be redefined. Education should be directed to the upliftment of the majority who are not educated. But the ability to read and write can never be equated with the merits of education.

 

There is a huge difference between education and literacy. A large proportion of the public today is literate by virtue of the several avenues of learning open to the layman, but very few are able to comprehend the difference between education and literacy. Education brings with itself many things that are not visible to the eye of the layman. It is a lot to do with culture and the process of acculturisation.

 

The ascent from a being literate to being educated is punctuated by several steps whereby the individual is exposed to realities that are at times not easily absorbed into the intellect. As a literate child becomes educated, he is made to actively partake in the process of development of his community, and to his own proper development. Education is what brings out the hidden potential of individuals that could have been latent and forgotten had it not been for education.

 

This is where the importance of schools comes in. schools become the harbours where ships of peace and harmony are anchored. Education brings a sense of tolerance within the individual. It shows the way to succeed in life. Success can never be alienated from  the merits of education. It is education that makes successful people what they are, and it is education that defines their success.

 

 This way, the entire outlook towards success in the world would have to be redefined. The parameters defining success would have to be redefined. Success needs to be defined in terms of satisfaction that could be obtained through adequate education of children. These children would grow up as citizens of the world and they could be brought up to be worthy world citizens if they are given adequate education of the world around themselves. This would arm them with skills and competence to conquer and overcome all obstacles that might come their way. Children need to be made wary of the obstacles that could come in the way. Material education aimed at refining the parameters along which success is measured needs to be imparted. Material education should be capable of preparing them for a healthy future.

 

Thinking of the future seems to put children in a time machine that propels us to the heavens. These abstract things push us into realms of the unknown, they identify us with God. This brings in the need for a meaningful education that would circumvent all the religions of the world. The All Religion Prayer at CMS is a unique and distinctive feature that sets  the institution apart  from others in the whole world.

 

Religion and education are what make a man he really is. While education shows him or her a rational world with all the manifestations of good and evil, religion pushes the individual into an ideal world where only the virtuous and good exist. It depends on the person’s upbringing as to which way he or she is pulled and attracted.

 

The individual needs guidance at every step of life for proper direction. A proper direction needs to be given to a person’s life from the very day he or she is born. An individual’s home and school are the most important elements in teaching the values of the society to the individual. They are the gates to the society. They are the ones that make an individual give his best to the society, and they also ensure that the individual get the best back from society.

 

The best that an individual can get from society is  respect and tolerance. This would be the direct consequence of the polarity he or she chooses for his life. The direction in which his or her life is headed for should be set out in a clear way. What is needed is a compass that can point out the appropriate direction for the individual. This is exactly what religion and education are aimed at. Religion and education should be given to children or the whole of humanity in the appropriate proportion. This would ensure peace and harmony in the world at large because religion and religious tenets have been found to be at the heart of all contentions.

 

These religious tenets need to be clarified. They need to be brought before the masses ignorant of the significance of these tenets. Education of these tenets needs to be given right from the days one begins one’s education. This could be the ideal way of inoculating mutual love and harmony for different religions and cultures.

 

All the cultures of the world are different and unique, but they are all aimed at fulfilling the same purpose of making us happy. It is happiness that all of us strive for, all of us want to be happy, whatever we do, we do to be happy, the sieves of education and religion are supposed to filter out the best that our lives can give us to make us happy. Good education can show the individual the correct way to achieve happiness, this is where schools play an important role.

 

The role of the school cannot be confined to the provision of proper religious education. it is required to supplement it with an appropriate dosage of material education that is capable of making the child able enough to wade through

Role of private institutions in the promotion of education

Role of private institutions in the promotion of education

 

Education plays a pivotal role in the development of our younger generation to lead a successful life in this world of global competition. There are many dimensions of education in the development of human personality. It gives us professional knowledge. It teaches us human skills. It puts our mind on creative thinking. It builds our confidence and self-esteem. Now the question is: are the private institutions playing their role for the promotion of education?

We can see a mushroom of private schools and colleges but the parents and students are still in a state of bewilderment which institution to join for quality education. First of all, the tuition fee and admission charges of leading institutions in private sector are very high. Secondly, there is no standard criterion for getting admission in these renowned institutions. Back door techniques are used to get admission where the merit is lacking for open competition. It is very difficult for a competent student from a middle class family to get admission in leading institutions on merit.

 

Education plays a pivotal role in the development of our younger generation to lead a successful life in this world of global competition. There are many dimensions of education in the development of human personality. It gives us professional knowledge. It teaches us human skills. It puts our mind on creative thinking. It builds our confidence and self-esteem. Now the question is: are the private institutions playing their role for the promotion of education?

 

Now, we see the condition in middle class educational institutions. There is no quality of education in the so-called average educational institutions. The teaching environment and the faculty is not up to the mark. The standard of graduate & postgraduate level is so poor that some institutions are even selling their transcripts & degrees. The government is taking action against these institutions in private sector. The University of the Punjab and Higher Education Commission have set a standard for the operation of these institutions and award affiliations & charters to only those private institutions who qualify the required criteria. Everyday, we see the sign boards of a school or college removed by the concerned authorities but again we see a new entrant in the education sector with a very poor standard of teaching environment and faculty. The tuition culture is also a black spot on our prevailing educational environment in private institutions. Many daytime colleges & schools are converted into tuition centers in the evening. There are some private institutions that have not been awarded charter by Higher Education Commission or affiliation with Punjab University but they are miss-leading or rather cheating the students by putting false statements on their signboards and brochures.

]]>

The curriculum offered in most of the educational institutes does not fit in the requirements of the job. Due attention is not given to the professional programs to enable a student to face competitive & professional requirements of the job opportunities in the market. Education does not merely mean academic qualification. What we have to do is to mobilize our people and build up the character of our future generations. In this world of global competition, success of a business is dependent upon the quality of management, which comes through the quality of education.

The basic role of the educational institutions in the private sector is to educate, train and develop the young generation for the successful leadership roles in the practical realms of life. It is not just the degree from a college, which ensures the highest standards of excellence & growth. The basic purpose of training programs should not be to transmit knowledge from books but to impart learning & training to effect changes in behaviors & skills.

The point to note here is whether our educational institutions in private sector are providing an opportunity to explore human capabilities which are not addressed in main stream education and are they willing to modify their curriculums to meet the demands of global competition in the job market. Due to high merit and limited seats in government institutions, the majority of the students join private educational institutions. So the demand of the day is that private institutions should provide quality education at affordable price to fulfill their social responsibility. Disintegrated nations can be transformed into uncanny force by bringing revolutionary changes in their stagnant thinking. We want our younger generation to be flexible, creative and assertive enough to make out dreams true about a progressive, liberal and strong Pakistan.

Education without purpose & direction is a mere waste of time & resources that results in unemployment & frustration. The educational institutions in the private sector should feel their responsibility to provide quality education at affordable price. All of us do not have equal talents, but all of use should have an equal opportunity to develop out talents to have a competitive edge in the global market.

The government has its own role to play which includes monitoring the activities of the educational institutions in the private sector, encouraging those institutions which are playing a positive role in providing quality education at affordable price and taking action against those who are a black spot in the field of education.

schools are converted into tuition centers in the evening. There are some private institutions that have not been awarded charter by Higher Education Commission or affiliation with Punjab University but they are miss-leading or rather cheating the students by putting false statements on their signboards and brochures.

The curriculum offered in most of the educational institutes does not fit in the requirements of the job. Due attention is not given to the professional programs to enable a student to face competitive & professional requirements of the job opportunities in the market. Education does not merely mean academic qualification. What we have to do is to mobilize our people and build up the character of our future generations. In this world of global competition, success of a business is dependent upon the quality of management, which comes through the quality of education.

The basic role of the educational institutions in the private sector is to educate, train and develop the young generation for the successful leadership roles in the practical realms of life. It is not just the degree from a college, which ensures the highest standards of excellence & growth. The basic purpose of training programs should not be to transmit knowledge from books but to impart learning & training to effect changes in behaviors & skills.

The point to note here is whether our educational institutions in private sector are providing an opportunity to explore human capabilities which are not addressed in main stream education and are they willing to modify their curriculums to meet the demands of global competition in the job market. Due to high merit and limited seats in government institutions, the majority of the students join private educational institutions. So the demand of the day is that private institutions should provide quality education at affordable price to fulfill their social responsibility. Disintegrated nations can be transformed into uncanny force by bringing revolutionary changes in their stagnant thinking. We want our younger generation to be flexible, creative and assertive enough to make out dreams true about a progressive, liberal and strong Pakistan.

Education without purpose & direction is a mere waste of time & resources that results in unemployment & frustration. The educational institutions in the private sector should feel their responsibility to provide quality education at affordable price. All of us do not have equal talents, but all of use should have an equal opportunity to develop out talents to have a competitive edge in the global market.

The government has its own role to play which includes monitoring the activities of the educational institutions in the private sector, encouraging those institutions which are playing a positive role in providing quality education at affordable price and taking action against those who are a black spot in the field of education.

 

Women and Education: A Critical Review

Women and Education: A Critical Review

   *Dr.P.Shanmukha Rao  **Dr.N.V.S.Suryanarayana

 

Empowerment of the women is an essential component of the political and social development of society. The growth  and  development of a community or civil society  depends upon the  growth and  development of its individuals in general and the women in particular. There is no doubt about the fact that men and women are equal, but women have a vital role in the over-all  development of  the society and the nation. Women are equal partners in the over all  growth  and development of the family, community and society. Women have been given a position of pride in every religion. In Islam, Christianity, Hinduism and other religions they are  respected and due importance is given to their role and rights. In the Holy Quran a complete Sura, “Sura-i-Nisa” is devoted for the role, welfare, rights and duties of the women. No student of the comparative religious philosophy can fail to observe that at the fountain of every spiritual faith and at the basic fabric of every civilized society, stands a woman whose sympathy blesses the work of infusing a new life into humanity.

Women are the foundation of a family, society and finally the Nation. In this paper an attempt has been made to discuss the importance of education for women and role and status of a women in the present scenario.

Women constitute an important segment of the society and shapes the entire            future of the humanity and nation. It has been rightly said that behind every successful man there is a woman. This clearly indicates that women as an integral part of our society have a vital role not only for rearing and bearing the children, but also for the personality development of our future generation and development of the Nation as whole.1 Role and status of a woman by any standard  is related to various variable factors which among others include the upbringing of the women, personality development, education of the women, family environment, social outlook, surrounding circumstances, political scenario, religious commands and their interpretation. Nevertheless, the biological and social status of a women along with her distinct roles as a mother or sister or daughter on one hand and wife or mother-in-law, sister-in-law or daughter-in-law on the other hand can not be ignored.

Women with good health and positive leadership qualities are very important in every family and society. Role of women in the traditional societies no doubt was confined to the household management based on the traditional values, attitudes and customs, but the family culture in the context of which early socialization takes place is very important factor which later on encourages or discourages her participation in the socio-economic activities of the family and subsequently in the organizational, social and political matters of the society.

Women almost in every social set-up plays an important role in the economic welfare of the family. She as a mother cares, bothers, loves, showers affection and takes all the pains for the entire family and thereby plays an important role not only as a home maker, home manager but also in maintaining social ties with the relations, friends and neighbours.

 

The Perspective:

Education is an important weapon for the over-all development of the community in particular and the society in general. The growth  and  development of a community or civil society  depends upon the  growth and  development of  its individuals. Women have been and continue to be equal partners in the over all growth  and development of the family, community and society. Women constitute an important segment of the society and shape the future of the individuals, nation and humanity. It has been rightly said that behind every successful man there is a woman. This clearly indicates that women as an integral part of our society have a vital role not only for rearing and bearing the children, but also for the personality development of our future generation and development of the Nation as whole.1

 

Women have been given a position of pride in every religion. In Islam, Christianity, Hinduism and other religions women are respected and due importance is given to their role and rights. In the Holy Quran a complete Sura, “Sura-i-Nisa” is devoted for the role, welfare, rights and duties of the women. No student of the comparative religious philosophy can fail to observe that at the fountain of every spiritual faith and at the basic fabric of every civilized society, stands a woman whose sympathy blesses the work of infusing a new life into humanity. Women are the foundation of a family, society and finally the Nation.

 

Role and status of a woman by any standard  is related to various variable factors which among others include the upbringing of the women, personality development, education of the women, family environment, social outlook, surrounding circumstances, political scenario, religious commands and their interpretation. Nevertheless, the biological and social status of a women along with her distinct roles as a mother or sister or daughter on one hand and wife or mother-in-law, sister-in-law or daughter-in-law on the other hand can not be ignored.

Women with good health and positive leadership qualities are very important in every family and society. Role of women in the traditional societies no doubt was confined to the household management based on the traditional values, attitudes and customs, but the family culture in the context of which early socialization takes place is very important factor which at later stage encourages or discourages her participation in the socio-economic activities of the family and subsequently in the organizational, social and political matters of the society. Women in almost every social set-up plays an important role in the economic welfare of the family. She as a mother cares, bothers, loves, showers affection and takes all the pains for the entire family and thereby plays an important role not only as a home maker, home manager but also in maintaining social ties with the relations, friends and neighbours.

In this paper a modest attempt has been made to critically examine education and status of women in the light changing scenario. Literacy level among women and impact of education vis-a-vis empowerment of women has been analyzed to high light contribution of the women in the political, economic and social development.  

 

Women and Education:

Education is an important component for the growth and development of the community in particular and the society in general. Education is the essence of human emancipation and the most potential weapon against poverty, disease and hunger. Education is an important factor in shaping the personality of an individual. It is through education that one learns his various role expectations and also the means and mechanism of role fulfillment. 

Every country provides to its citizens equality before law and equal protection of laws. Moreover equal opportunity in the employment and other matters is guaranteed by the constitutional provisions in every civilized country. Indian Constitution also guarantees equality and equal opportunity to the citizens irrespective of their race, caste, sex, religion or region. However, it has been found that the women are lagging behind almost in every sphere, but their vital role in building the family cannot be under estimated. Kapoor,2 in her study has rightly pointed out that the women are the nuclei of the nation, just as the body is made up of millions of cells controlled by their nuclei, a nation is made of millions of families depending on the women, house wives and mothers for their progress and well being. The health and growth of the body depends on the vitality of its cells, so also the health and growth of the nations depends on the vitality of its women.

A good mother provides best human resources for the Nation. Napolean once remarked  that  give  me  good  mothers,  I  shall  give  you  a  good  Nation. In an annual conference on community development, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru3 observed;

“.In order to awaken the people, it is the women, who has to be awakened.                                                                                   Once she is on the move, the house hold moves and the country moves and thus  we build the India of tomorrow…..”

Pt. Nehru was of the considered view that when women move forward, the village moves, the Nation moves. Women are equal partners in the human resource development and in their different capacities contribute a major share in the political and economic sector. The importance of women’s education has been realized throughout the world. As per the World Bank Report,4 there has been substantial investment in education in the developing countries, but two thirds of the world’s illiterates are women, who in many countries, only complete with erratic attendance, the equivalent of two or three years of primary schooling. Children’s educational attainment is related more to the education level of mothers than fathers, therefore, illiterate mothers breed illiteracy.5

Eradication of illiteracy amongst women is an essential step for eradicating gender inequality and enabling women to play their role in national development.6 During more than last fifty years, the number of illiterate population has